Who Was The First Computer Program No - 731 Words

Ever wonder who was the first computer program? No? Me neither. But that’s because I was never into computers much. The first programer was a woman, her name was Ada Lovelace. Yep, it was a woman. But before I tell you all about the program, let’s learn about her first. Ada â€Å"Countess of Lovelace† was born in 1815 and died in 1852. Her father was George Gordon Byron, who was a poet. But he died in Greece when she was 8. Ada was young when she started to show an interest in science and mathematics. Her mother thought that if she studied at that age, she wouldn’t inherit her father’s temper. Also, for self-control, her mother made her lie still for a long time. Ada received many letters from other scientists as well. Including William Frend, William King, and Mary Somerville. At 17 she made a friend and together they helped each other. His name was Charles Babbage, another mathematician. She was fascinated with his work. Then someone asked her to translate an article from Babbage’s analytical engine, but she didn’t just translare it, she added a few thoughts to it too. She wrote how the codes could be created for the device to not only handle numbers, but letters and symbols too. Also to make it where the engine to repeat certain instructions. She was considered the first programer in history. Though, while she was alive, her work wasn’t that known by many people. She even tried to make mathematical schemes to winning at gambling. But that failed, and she was in debt. SheShow MoreRelatedComputer Science And Its First Leap Out Of Mathematics1080 Words   |  5 Pagesbeginning, there was Math; and for a long time after there was only Math. Computer Science is a relatively new field compared to others such as Math, Communication, Philosophy, etc. Computer Science could be boiled down to â€Å"The study of how to compute†. In this way of looking at the field, you can see how it originated from people’s desires to compute faster and more complex problems. This desire led us to the abacus, mechanical calculators, and eventually to the computer. Computer science today isRead MoreOverview of Computer Programming Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesComputer Programming is a big industry. Without it, computers, video games, the internet, and even cell phones would not exist. Jobs are not scarce for computer programming today. Almost everythi ng we use has to do with technology, and computer programmers are needed in order to make the projects happen. Computer programming is one of the more challenging jobs out in the world. Someone who quits easily when things get hard, or when something is not working the way that they want it to, will not succeedRead MoreHistory Of Data Processing1288 Words   |  6 PagesData processing is a shop that works in many different working fields. One thing you do in data processing is learning to computer programming. In my shop we are learning to program in Visual Basic and QuickBasic. Programming is used to tell a computer what to do. Using code you can make programs that can answer math problems, which would take someone, days to calculate in a brief second. In data processing we also learn to word process. Word processing is taking written text and being able to saveRead MoreArtificial Intelligence and Cognitive Reasoning1597 Words   |  7 Pagesintelligence. The problem with these shows is that the representation of modern day artificial intelligence is largely skewed, these machines have personalities and emotions making them relatable to humans when they are still just a very elaborate computer program. Artificial intelligence is the cognitive ability to solve problems, recognize patterns, and have the capability to learn, with these abilities a machine would also have to think and alter its own code, without the need of a programmer, to achieveRead MoreWhy I Want to Become a Computer Programmer Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesHistory and Origins: When computers started coming out, computer companies need people to program operating systems and programs for them. Seeing that you sat at a desk all day, it was seen as a easy career choice, but with little pay. So computer programming as a career, was dominated by women in the 60s. Soon though, men dominated the field through discrimination and needs for a job. The Job field was getting paid more so companies wanted to hire â€Å"higher quality† employees, and that meant menRead MoreRelationship Between Mathematics And Logic With Boolean Logic1545 Words   |  7 Pagessome point their life has used a computer. Most people haven t thought about how they work or operate. Those who have, often enter the field of software development. The relatively new field of software development has many advantages and opportunities, including good pay, and good opportunities to advance in this wide open and quickly growing job field. Programing has been around much longer than most people think. Some experts consider the earliest programing was completed in France as early asRead MoreEssay about The Impact of Technology 1430 Words   |  6 PagesComputers are a magnificent feat of technology. They have grown from simple calculators to machines with many functions and abilities. Computers have become so common that almost every home has at least one computer, and schools find them a good source for information and education for their students (Hafner, Katie, unknown). Computers have created new careers and eliminated others and have left a huge impact on our society. The invention of the computer has greatly affected the arts, the businessRead MoreComputer Viruses Essay example758 Words   |  4 PagesA computer virus program is altering program and it replicated itself by coping itself into other programs stored in a computer. The word virus is also commonly used broadly to include computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horse programs. For example, so-called anti-virus software will remove all three classes of these malicious programs. The first virus was born in the very beginning of 1970’s or even in the end of 1960’s although nobody was calling it a virus back then. Pervading animalRead MoreComputer Security Against Viruses and Hacking Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesand hacking are all security issues in our computer network. Each of these malwares or programs attaches and spreads in different ways. Through hacking hackers can infect computers with various types or malware and viruses. This paper will explain what viruses are, how it occurs and the types of cybercrimes that can result from it, and how to better protect your computer. â€Å"Security warning! Application cannot be encrypted or Spyware alert! Your computer is infected by spyware. Do you want to activateRead MoreBill Gates Is A Frugal, Persevering, Supreme Computer Geek987 Words   |  4 PagesBill Gates is a frugal, persevering, supreme computer geek who can â€Å"hack code† with the greatest of them and is probably the most successful entrepreneur of the 20th century. While the other side of him is a hard-driven businessman. Gates felt that standards were one of the most important attributes you could possess in a company which has shaped the computer industry into what it is today. I chose to write about Mr. Gates because he is a programming genius, and through his programming skills

Statement of Purpose for a Career in Physical Therapy or...

Physical therapy and criminal investigating are two careers with high interest. Many people want to become them when they get older and they are steadily growing. Both a physical therapist (PT) and a criminal investigator (CI) must be in great physical shape and both must learn a lot to perform in their profession. As well as great mental and physical shape, they must maintain training throughout in order to succeed and stay in the job. These jobs appeal to me because I think I am in both physical and mental shape. Also, I am excited to learn new things and that is required by both professions. When looking at the differences however, there are much more. A PT must be a people person and help rehabilitate injured persons while a CI looks into crime either locally or federally and does not necessarily have to be a social, interactive person. Although both of these jobs have desirable aspects, I would prefer to be a physical therapist because I would like to interact with people more a nd physically help them recover. To truly compare two careers, what the job entails should be the first research topic. A PT has much to do even when dealing with a single person. Overall, the main goal is to return the injured person to his or her former state of healthiness. First, the therapist must diagnose the problem or figure out what’s wrong. Then, they have to create a plan to heal the patient or make the pain go away and finally, a PT must execute their plan and â€Å"adjust it if it is notShow MoreRelatedProvincial Jail10855 Words   |  44 PagesTECHNOLOGYSchool of Architecture, Industrial Design, and Built Environment | Proposed Redevelopment of Provincial Jail of Batangas | AR 200 - Thesis Research Writing | BY | CALINGASAN, NANCY APRIL2005109704 | 5/10/2012 | Crowding, degrading physical and mental health of prisons, and deteriorating environmental quality are common issues in Philippine jails. This research aims to suggest built environment improvements in provincial jails considering both its punitive and reformative functionsRead MoreEssay on Profession Issues in Counselling Person Centred12506 Words   |  51 Pagesrange of talking therapies. They are delivered by trained practitioners who work with people over a short or long term to help them bring about effective change or enhance their wellbeing.’ (BACP [online]). 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English Life Free Essays

The and Adventures of Native Americans In the story The Morning the Sun Went Down, Darryl Babe Wilson discusses his personal Journey as a 20th century as an Indian living within and without the dominant American society. The documentary film Even the Rain by Iciar Bollain is about the issue of oppression in the world county and the history of global economics. However, the movie overlaps with not only the production of what is being filmed in the movie, but also as the struggle that the Bolivian people had with the government and water. We will write a custom essay sample on English Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now The people are being overcharged for their water, even the rain water was not permitted to be obtained. Noam Chomsky, author of â€Å"The Zapatista Uprising Profit Over People,† states how the signing of the NAFTA resulted in a big problem for the indigenous people in Mexico. The Zapatista rebellion in Chiapas, Mexico and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in the United States and Mexico were eliminated, including labor and environmental services. The film A Century of Genocide in Americas: The Residential School Experience is about how Native American children were taken from their parents, ere forcedly sexually abused and were sent to residential schools in Canada and the United States because of their race. Each of these authors suffered In The Morning the Sun Went Down, author Darryl Babe Wilson states the nearly simple life spent as a young child growing up in the tradition and ways of his people came to a sudden and tragic end when his mother’s life was taken by a large, commercial truck barreling down on the wrong side of an isolated highway while trying to gain speed. The engine had to produce more speed in order to produce money faster† (Wilson 170). When he and his siblings were not in school, they played a variety of games including: hide and seek, making soap bubbles, playing Stagecoach (where some of the children were passengers and others were â€Å"Indians†), running in the woods and swimming in the creeks. The boys tried to take rattlesnakes as their grandfather had. In those few moments, his world had directly intersected with the same unyielding, unforgiving, profit-driven force that has been chasing and decimating his people for more than 500 years. But the story starts much earlier than that. Although Darryl Wilson grew up in the mid-20th century, in many ways his life was no different. The father couldn’t raise his family, as the state officials removed Darryl and his siblings from their motherless home and placed them under the Jurisdiction of the state. They â€Å"were now relocatable property of the State of California† (94). After years of being moved from one foster home to another, Darryl was turned over to Juvenile authorities, placed into a lock-down facility, being allowed out of his cell only to go to school. His life had become reduced as the land that once â€Å"simply fed us† (85). His â€Å"life withered and turned a silent gray† (79). Wilson was allowed to go to school for one simple reason: education was, and still is, a major means by which the disenfranchised are dealt with. The film Even the Rain (Tamien La Lluvia) by Iciar Bollain, addresses the issue of oppression in the world country and the history ot global economics. The tilm takes place in Cochabamba, Bolivia, which depicts t conquest of Christopher Columbus. As Sebastian and Costa arrive to Cochabamba, Bolivia, they go into a moral crisis. As the riots in Cochabamba break out on the njustices as the water price arose by 300 percent, resulted in a violent protest against the government by the indigenous Indians and the citizenry of Cochabamba. Therefore, Bolivia who claimed their rights. Unfortunately, Sebastian and Costa engage the cheap Indian population in the minor role by the average daily income for the Indians was $2 dollars a day. Spanish imperialism through incidents taking place 500 years apart, while examining the personal belief systems of the members. Iciar Bollain focuses on the priests Bartolome De Las Casas and the oppression of the Indian population by the Spanish invadors. As Columbus realized the wealth and great prestige that the territories might bring, he got to a point to get obsessed with the gold. He then enslaved the natives to bring gold and if they didn’t bring enough gold, they would make them suffer. As Spain conquered the new world of gold 500 years later, water is gold which not much has changed. However, the movie reflects how the higher power not only in the past but the present still hurt these poor innocent people who only want to live. The movie shows how the Indies where being used by the higher power for the gold, which was by Christopher Columbus. The ovie Tambien la Lluvia, shows us how the Bolivian people whom are acting as the Indies are going through similar struggles by not being allowed to obtain â€Å"life† if strict rules aren’t followed. These people couldn’t afford water, in which it reflected life. This all reflects back on the past struggles of the Indies. Neither in the past or present could these people live without giving â€Å"non-obtainable† profits to the higher power without suffering the consequences of life and death. This movie showed me that something as small as water that we as Americans take for granted is something as precious as a life in another country. After seeing these people struggle and fght for the ability to Just obtain rain water hurt me to see. These people risked there Jobs, there city, and even their life’s Just, so they could freely get rain water. I honestly would never think something ridiculous like this could be happening in a third world country where these people don’t even make a quarter of what most of us make working a part time Jobs. This movies shows us how something like a title of government or power can ruin the lives of millions. It’s hard to see how these people struggle and fght for something that shouldn’t have a price to, but nfortunately that is how life is in other countries. So what is shown in the movie Tambien la Lluvia, the reflection of struggles in the past and present in the South all because of the greed of higher power should be remembered. Just because it happened hundreds of years ago doesn’t mean that it’s not going on still. It might be different but the struggles shown by the people in Bolivia for life and water should show us that nothing should be taken for granted. Just the way the people in the film do, after all theyre only fighting to survive with water that shouldn’t have a price on. Everything in life has a price, but life it’s self shouldn’t. For the past several years, there has been an on going movement to liberate the large population of farmers in Mexico. These farmers are fighting to win back their pro-claimed rights to their farm land. In the world today the emphasis on human rights is strong, this is why the Zapatistas have gained so much attention. In Noam Chomskys â€Å"The Zapatista Uprising Pront Over People,† notes that â€Å"We are the product ot 500 years ot struggle. † (Chomsky 1) As the Zapatistas declaration of war stated, â€Å"The struggle today s for work, land, housing, food, health care, education, independence, freedom, democracy, Justice, and peace. † (Chomsky 1). Over 17,000 people are in hiding away from the land that they could be using as income for themselves as well as the Mexican government. Mexico’s government is trying to come a major player in the world stock market, so why not help themselves by increasing the amount of exports that could be coming from the country by allowing the Zapatistas back onto their land. Furthermore, it reflects very poorly on a country when they have 17,000 people who are refugees in their own country. It simply does not make senses for the government to not allow the Zapatistas back on their land. Who is going to want to do business with a country who cant even find peace within itself? I support the Zapatistas in their movement because I believe human rights are a very import factor in upholding a country. People should be allowed to live off the land in which they were born to. It is not Just for some political fgure to say, â€Å"No you cannot live here anymore, find somewhere else to live. † Peace must be found in order to stabilize Mexico and to do this the Zapatistas must be given back their land. How to cite English Life, Papers

Comparison of Romanticism and Enlightenment free essay sample

Both Coleridge and Robespierre agreed that a new form of government as necessary. They differ, though, on Robespierres idea that terror is virtue and the destruction caused by the French Revolution. As a Romantic poet, Coleridge focuses on the common person and natural aspects of the world. Coleridge agrees with the original intent of the French Revolution which fights for the common person. He feels that liberty is something that all humans should have regardless of their social class or lineage. Coleridge compares liberty to the solemn music of the wind. Comparing freedom to solemn music he shows that ones liberty s a serious matter that if addressed correctly would enhance the enjoyment of life, like music. By associating freedom with wind, Coleridge implies that freedom is universal because wind travels everywhere. These ideas tie in with the Romantic views that all people should have the right to strive for happiness. These views are again illustrated when Coleridge writes, Thou rising Sun! thou blue rejoicing Sky. (Coleridge, 102) By comparing liberty to the sun and the sky, Coleridge states that the idea of liberty is a natural right. It is not something that should have to be ought for, but something that all people should inherently possess. By also comparing liberty to the rising sun implies that the rise of a democratic government will happen soon and that when uncovered, it will be a very good thing for the whole world. Romantic poetry often referred to the natural aspects of the world as Romantic poetry strived to bring together nature and man. Coleridge illustrates his optimism about where the French Revolution could lead and the ideas it could bring to the world. When Robespierre took control of the French Revolution he immediately began to ssert his ideas of natural equality on France. In Robespierres Republic of Virtue, he states that his goal involves the well-being of everyone, the peaceful enjoyment of liberty and equality; the reign of that eternal Justice whose laws are engraved not on wanted to create a state where people do not have to fight for there liberties. The metaphor in this passage laws are engraved not on marble or stone but in the hearts of all men shows Robespierres belief in unbendable laws that apply to everyone. By saying that laws are engraved he means that these laws must stick with is citizens at all times and in the hearts of all men confirm his belief in natural laws that all are born with. Robespierre only wants people who are willing to give for the greater good. Robespierre also says, We wish, in a word, to fulfill the intentions of nature and the destiny of humanity, realize the promises of philosophy, and acquit providence of the long reign of crime and tyranny. (Perry,114) In this passage, Robespierre claims that nature intends for humankind to use the ideas of philosophy, reason and logic, and remove the monarchial constraints that have been laced upon them. Robespierre argues that humans have the right to govern themselves instead of God and kings. Robespierres believes the ideal government must be a republic or democracy as those are the only formats that allow for universal happiness. Like many leaders before him who ultimately failed, Robespierre, in the traditional Enlightenment theory, sought to use reason and logic to build a perfect society, a utopia. Coleridge supported the idea of the Revolution, but as the Revolution turned violent he began to criticize the Jacobins for the approach they took to achieve their oals. Coleridge shows this when he says, Forgive me, Freedom! O forgive those dreams! I hear thy voice, I hear thy loud lament. (Coleridge, 103) Coleridge states in this passage that he feels humbled by believing that the French Revolution could actually change anything. By saying that he hears thy loud lament he shows his emotions of sadness that Robespierre could bring freedom and that he still feels he has a duty to bring freedom to all people. Coleridge disapproves of the disregard for human life, l hear thy groans upon her blood-stained streams. (Coleridge, 103) Coleridge, in this passage, illustrates the level of violence in France by saying that Robespierre killed so many people that blood replaced the water in the streams. The imagery used depicts more violence than anyone could imagine. With this new regime, the Reign of Terror, Coleridge feels that the French created a mockery of true liberty. O France, that mockest Heaven, adulterous, blind, And patriot only in pernicious toils! (Coleridge, 104) This passage shows that the Revolution did not unify France like it should. The citizens only act patriotic towards their country when cting in a violent manner. Robespierre sought to create a utopia, but the revolution destroyed the values of freedom and equal liberty that heaven, a utopia, is based on. Rather than help the common people, Robespierre became power-hungry and turned into what they originally fought, Are these thy boasts, Champion of human kind? To mix with Kings in the low lust of sway. (Coleridge, 104) Robespierre, believing they knew the best way to reform France took too much power and attempted to mold France to their liking, but destroying the freedom they wanted to create. By using reason, Robespierre came to believe that terror could help to achieve the goals of the Revolution in the quickest manner possible. Robespierre knew that a government promoting the liberty and freedom of the common person was morally tyranny. Referring to the Revolution as a war alludes to the destructive nature that the Revolution took under the guidance of Robespierre. Robespierres Republic of Virtues modeled what a good citizen should do. Since virtue (good citizenship) and equality are the soul of the republic, and your aim is to found and to consolidate he republic, it follows that the first rule of your political conduct must be to relate all of your measures to the maintenance of equality and to the development of virtue; for the first care of the legislator must be to strengthen the principles on which the government rests. (Perry, 115) This passage shows how Robespierre attempts to take complete control of France. He says that citizens must give up rights, not gain rights, to help the government, which Robespierre controls completely. Logically this made sense as he believed that the government attempted to create was the best and herefore he needed to have all the power to do so. To him using terror to enforce his laws, which to him were absolutely necessary, seemed perfectly reasonable as it would only affect his enemies, not his followers. If the driving force of popular government in peacetime is virtue, that of Popular government during a revolution is both virtue and terror: virtue, without which terror is destructive; terror, without which virtue is impotent. Terror is only Justice that is prompt, severe, and inflexible; it is thus an emanation of virtue. (Perry, 115) Robespierre in this passage explains how is destructive actions logically make sense. According to him terror emanates virtue as terror acts as a mean to enforce virtue, therefore someone already virtuous will not be affected. Logically this made sense, but realistically his actions tore apart France as the destruction he caused overwhelmed any good that his Reign of Terror brought. Robespierre consistently shows a willingness to fght his own country believing that to stop a civil war he would have to kill everyone against him, even though these sorts of actions started the civil war. How can civil war be ended? By unishing traitors and conspirators, particularly if they are deputies or administrators; by sending loyal troops under patriotic leaders to subdue the aristocrats of Lyon, Marseille, Toulon, the Vend ©e, the Jura, and all other regions in which the standards of rebellion and royalism have been raised: and by making frightful examples of all scoundrels who have outrage liberty and spilled the blood of patriots. Perry, 1 1 5) Robespierre used logic and reason constantly to work towards his goal of creating a utopia, but he overlooked the consequences that France would face if he followed through. The contrast between these two artifacts illustrates the debate between the Romanticism and Enlightenment theories. The Enlightenment, represented by Robespi erre, uses logic and reason to achieve a certain goal, whereas Romanticism reacted against that theory, believing the world to be more than Just reason and logic. The Romantic outlook focuses more on life and enjoying where you are since you might not be there again, while the Enlightenment concentrates on working towards a goal. The Enlightenment theory led to violence as it logically it made sense, but from an Enlightenment, perspective the extreme amount of violence became nnecessary and Romantic thinkers criticized the French Revolution and Robespierre for that. Robespierre became to focused on perfecting society that he did not take notice to the destruction that he caused.

Mrázová and Celec

Table of Contents Introduction Reasons behind the use of Sound Therapy Sound Rhythm Different Levels of Appreciation Conclusion Works Cited Introduction The analysis of Mrà ¡zovà ¡ and Celec explained that music/sound therapy can create a positive effect on an individual since it helps to calm their nerves and induce feelings of relaxation, peace and security. This is one of the reasons why music/sound therapy has become an increasingly popular method of addressing the problem of stress caused by environmental sounds.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mrà ¡zovà ¡ and Celec specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it must be questioned what aspect of music/sound therapy actually contributes the most towards a better mental state. In certain cases it has been shown that the higher the decibel level of the ambient noise produced (applied through music/sound therapy or even through the general environment), th e greater the adverse impact on the human body. This means that just because a person plays loud music to counter the ambient environmental noise does not mean that this constitutes proper music/sound therapy. It is based on this that this study will examine two characteristics of music/sound therapy, namely sound and rhythm. This study assumes that sound, while an important component of musical therapy is supplanted in its level of importance by rhythm due to the ability of the latter to induce positive psychological reactions. Reasons behind the use of Sound Therapy From the point of view of Maguire, daily sounds associated with human activity (i.e. ranging from the sounds of ship engines, the noise heard during the construction of a nearby building or the general environmental noise brought about by cars) can cause an adverse reaction in the human body (Maguire 947-961). This is one of the reasons why the term â€Å"noise pollution† came into being within the past 40 years or so due to the effect that loud environmental sounds had on the human psyche and body. As a result, prolonged exposure resulted in a continued deterioration of an individual’s mental and physical health to the point that it can cause significant health problems in the future. The O’Callaghan study which attempted to examine the problems associated with noise pollution stated that some of the common symptoms of sound induced psychological stress come in the form of higher levels of stress hormones as well as an increase in the amount of headaches a person gets (O’Callaghan 779-788). It can also have an impact on the body creating issues with a person’s blood pressure, heart rate and has even been shown in the most extreme cases to cause strokes in the individuals that have been exposed to adverse environmental sounds (O’Callaghan 779-788).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Psychological symptoms often come in the form of anger management issues, high stress as well as being agitated easily (O’Callaghan 779-788). This was evidenced by the study of Mrà ¡zovà ¡ and Celec which noted similar symptoms in animals that were in areas with high concentrations of predators and had to be constantly on guard against threats. (Mrà ¡zovà ¡ and Celec 1089-1095) Through such an analysis it can be assumed that if loud annoying environmental sounds can cause an adverse physiological and psychological reaction, then the reverse could also be true wherein soft, soothing sounds can create a positive physiological and psychological reaction (Mrà ¡zovà ¡ and Celec 1089-1095). Sound Sound, within the context of music/sound therapy, is the backbone of the process wherein through the use of soft and melodious music; a person is invited to enter into a state of complete and utter peace. Depending on the type of sound utilized, ranging f rom sound waves, singing, violin playing and an assortment of other types of sources, sound can induce different kinds of internal psychological reactions in a person. The study of Mrà ¡zovà ¡ and Celec, which examined the effect of sound waves on children, showed that when exposed to different types of sound, children were more likely to express different emotional states. It was determined that loud sounds often annoyed children while on the other hand soft and melodious sounds usually calmed them down. Not all sounds though are created equal in terms of their positive impact on a person’s psychological state. The music of Beethoven, Chopin, Mandel and other such composers supposedly help to calm the mind, however, the Abrams study stated that patients preferred the sound of gentle ocean waves, the soft strumming of a guitar or the sound of rain as a better method of relaxation (Abrams 114-119). The apparent basis behind these responses was explained by Abrams as being co nnected to the general rhythm and repetitiveness found in the sound of rain, ocean waves and the soft strumming of a guitar. Rhythm Rhythm, within the context of music/sound therapy, refers to the regulated movement of sound/music based on a series of successive strong and weak elements. In essence, rhythm refers to the way in which sound goes through a cycle of different beats, tempos and patterns to create a coordinated output. When applied to music therapy, various researchers such as Cutshall explain that proper rhythm applied in sound therapy induces a more therapeutic reaction as compared to merely exposing a person to an assortment of sounds (Cutshall 16-23).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mrà ¡zovà ¡ and Celec specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What Cutshall is attempting to say is that the different types of rhythm evident in various types of sounds can create differing levels of psychological reaction s. This is one of the reasons why in the Abrams study the participants explained that they preferred the sound of rain, ocean waves and the soft strumming of a guitar as compared to the work of Beethoven, Chopin, Mandel and other such composers. It is the general repetitiveness of the rhythm evident in the aforementioned â€Å"nature sounds† that is more appealing to an individual as compared to the overly complex sounds evidently found in the music of Beethoven (Sekiya 1). This is not to say that any type of sound would work, rather, when it comes to music therapy soft sounds combined with an equally soft and steady repetitive rhythm seems to work better than overly complex music (Sekiya1). For example, the unique aspect of the song â€Å"Drifting† by Andy McKee is that even though he is merely using a simple string guitar he is able to derive a variety of different tones from a single instrument. There is no singing, no overly elaborate background music, no wailing, shouting, or cursing rather the entire song is the embodiment of simplicity with just one person plucking away at a single instrument. Yet, despite the utter lack of accompaniment the very texture of the song is vibrant, at times overwhelming yet calming. It distinguishes itself from other songs in that the melody is a combination of short plucking combined with idle strumming. It could be considered slightly repetitive due to the rhythmic quality of the plucking involved however this is accompanied by several incorporations of slight strumming which helps to break the repetitive quality of the plucking. It is this very repetitiveness that makes the song easy to remember and identifiable with a conjunctive motion that helps to develop its melodic quality and likeability. Doing a brief YouTube search of the song and merely listening to it is evidence enough of how simplicity in sound and repetitiveness in rhythm help to immediately calm a person down. Different Levels of Appreciation Before proceeding, it was determined that a brief overview should be done regarding the different types of musical appreciation out there and how this impacts the ability of a person to actually be affected by certain types of music therapy. First and foremost, different genres of music appeal to different listeners and different time periods in music appeal to fans from different time periods. Rock music was adopted by teenagers due to its apparent â€Å"shock value† to older generations due to the overtly sexual, anti-establishment and aggressive quality of the songs.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rock music was used as a means of distinction, a manner in which teenagers at the time defined themselves as being separate from the distinctions associated with older generations. As such, rock music composers followed this trend by composing songs in such a way so as to incorporate aggressiveness, anti-establishment and sexuality in the way the songs were sung or played. The reason rock music is mentioned is due to the fact that music created by Beethoven, Chopin and Mandel may not be as appreciated or liked by members of the current generation as compared to the previous generation (Rapoport, Eliezer and Blass 37-60). Thus, if such music is used in their music therapy sessions, it is unlikely that it would be as effective due to the lack of general appreciation the current generation would have towards the music (Rapoport, Eliezer and Blass 37-60). This particular piece of information helps to support the argument that focusing on rhythm instead of sound in music therapy is more important since sounds related to falling rain, ocean beaches and the light strumming of a guitar helps to cross the generational barrier resulting in more or less equal levels of appreciation. Conclusion The issue with high pitched, loud or otherwise annoying environmental sound has been determined by Maguire to be a form of stressor. This can be defined as an outside factor that impacts the ability of normal individuals to continue on with their daily tasks due to increased mental stress which can cause an adverse psychological and physiological reaction over the long term. The inherent problem with the modern day environment is that in most cases you cannot simply turn off the ambient environmental sounds off with a switch. The perceived physical and psychological reactions brought about by high levels of ambient environmental sound has been theorized as a holdover phenomenon from humanity’s evolution wherein perceived loud noises acted as an external trigger reaction towa rds a predatory presence. This is where sound therapy enters into the equation. Based on the findings of this study, it was shown that sound, while an important component of musical therapy is supplanted in its level of importance by rhythm due to the ability of the latter to induce positive psychological reactions. This shows that merely exposing a person to loud sound would be the same as noise pollution and, as such, music/sound therapy needs an appropriate rhythm to the music/sound that is being played to be effective. The reason why this examination was done was so that better processes in music/sound therapy can be created so as to improve the rate by which patients are helped. Works Cited Abrams, Brian. â€Å"Understanding music as a temporal-aesthetic way of being: implications for a general theory of music therapy.† Arts in Psychotherapy  38.2 (2011): 114-119. Print Cutshall, Susanne. â€Å"Effect of the combination of music and nature sounds on pain and anxiety i n cardiac surgical Patients.† Alternative Therapies in Health Medicine 17.4 (2011): 16-23. Print Maguire, Melissa. â€Å"Music and Epilepsy: A Critical Review.† Epilepsia 53.6 (2012): 947-961. Print Mrà ¡zovà ¡, Marcela, and Peter Celec. â€Å"A systematic review of randomized controlled trials using music therapy for children.† Journal of Alternative   Complementary Medicine 16.10 (2010): 1089-1095. Print O’Callaghan, Clare. â€Å"Music’s relevance for pediatric cancer patients: A constructivist and mosaic research approach.† Supportive Care in Cancer  19.6 (2011): 779-788. Print Rapoport, Eliezer, Smadar, Shatz, and Noa Blass. â€Å"Overtone spectra of gongs used in music therapy.† Journal of New Music Research 37.1 (2008): 37-60. Print Sekiya, Yoshimasa. â€Å"Using fractal music as sound therapy in TRT treatment.†Ã‚  Audiology Online (2013): 1. Print This essay on Mrà ¡zovà ¡ and Celec was written and submitted by user Bennett Carver to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Introduction to Sordaria Lab Report Essays

Introduction to Sordaria Lab Report Essays Introduction to Sordaria Lab Report Paper Introduction to Sordaria Lab Report Paper The lab experiment examined meiosis and genetic diversity through the model organism, Sardinia familial. Meiosis is part of the sexual life cycle and occurs in all sexually reproducing organisms. It is a method of cell division that produces gametes. Meiosis has two parts: meiosis I and meiosis II. Both parts undergo the same four stages of protease, metaphors, anapest, and Tallahassee. The process begins with one single parent diploid cell (that contain homologous chromosomes) that divides into four daughter haploid cells which each contain half the number of chromosomes that the original parent cell maintained. Both independent assortment and crossing over occur in meiosis I. Crossing over rearranges the DNA sequences that are then inherited and passed down to future offspring. This rearrangement, or recombination results in genetic variation within a species. The mechanisms controlling these crossover events are undefined. Recent existing evidence argues that harsh environmental pressures may lead to heritable changes in mechanisms controlling recombination. Much of this evidence has come from studies done at the Evolution Canyons in Israel. There are four Evolution Canyons, each of which consists of two mountain slopes with varying climates. Evolution Canyon I, located in Lower Inhale Orin, Mount Carmela, contains a south facing slope (SF) which experiences harsh climatic conditions, such as high temperatures and drought. The opposing north facing slope (NFG) is characterized by mild climatic conditions, including cooler temperatures and higher humidity. Evolution Canyon serves as a model for microinstruction and can be used to study how mutation and recombination contribute to adaptation and genetic diversity. The study published in the Genetics Journal and referred to in the logy laboratory manual studied whether there is a natural genetic variation for recombination frequencies and whether it correlates to environmental conditions and adaptation. The research was conducted on Evolution Canyon I and focused on the fungi organism, Sardinia familial. Several asexual filaments of S. Nicola were collected on different levels of each slope. The specimens were grown in the laboratory, where wild type spores from these crosses were then self-crossed to create a second generation of wild type spores. First, the filaments were grown on cornmeal agar with sodium acetate at 18 degrees and hen crosses were completed on minimal medium at 17. 5 degrees. Spontaneous spore color mutations appeared as non-black spores in the wild type strains. Also , the researchers plated the parenthetic (the fruiting body of the S. Nicola that contains acceptors) on growth medium containing sacrificial (a fungicide) and spontaneous sacrificial-resistant mutants formed. The strains were used to study varying mutation frequencies of wild type strains from the two different slopes on Evolution Canyon. Also, these strains were used to study the variations in crossover and gene conversion frequencies on the two opposing slopes. Their exults revealed that wild type strains from the SF experienced higher mutation rates than those strains obtained from the NFG. Although much less apparent, there were also slight differences in crossover frequencies within slopes. The results provide evidence that mechanisms controlling mutation and recombination may adapt heritable changes in response to the harsh climatic demands, particularly with the SF. Therefore, increased genetic diversity within a species may depend on the organisms environmental conditions. By understanding the factors controlling recombination, more can be known about genetic variation within a species.

Essential vs Non- Essential Job Finctions Research Paper

Essential vs Non- Essential Job Finctions - Research Paper Example On the other hand, non-essential job functions are duties that could be reassigned to other employees and effectively execute them (Hammonds & Kapusta, 2003). Some of the non-essential job functions include directing and escorting clients to different offices within the organisation. Employers are required to have knowledge of the employment provisions including disability Act. Essentially, employees are required to comprehend on essential job functions and how they affect employees. Disability Act Stipulates on the basic civil rights for persons with disability, women and the minority groups (Hammonds & Kapusta, 2003). However, an employer is not obliged to modify or eliminate an essential job function in order to accommodate person with disability. This is arguably true because an employee who is not in a position to execute the essential job functions even when considered to have a reasonable accommodation does not qualify for the said job and is not protected by discrimination